Risk Factors
A risk factor is a characteristic, behavior, or condition that raises the possibility of developing a disease. The biggest risk factor for penile cancer is infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV). Here are some of the major risk factors for penile cancer:
Human papilloma virus (HPV)
About half of all cases of penile cancer have been linked to infection with the HPV virus. HPV is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) that is very common. Many people develop HPV at some point in their lives and the disease clears up on its own. When HPV does not go away, it can lead to precancerous changes that lead to penile cancer.
Circumcision
Circumcised men are less likely to develop penile cancer than uncircumcised men. Circumcised men cannot have phimosis or smegma (see below), and are also less likely to develop HPV.
Phimosis
Phimosis occurs in uncircumcised men when the foreskin of the penis becomes tight and difficult to pull back. This condition increases the risk of developing penile cancer.
Smegma
Smegma is a thick oily secretion that can collect under the foreskin. Smegma is caused by dead skin cells and bacteria. Smegma is most common in men with phimosis. If the area underneath the foreskin is not cleaned regularly, smegma can build up and cause irritation and inflammation, increasing the risk for penile cancer.
Age
The risk for developing penile cancer increases with age. Most cases occur in men over the age of 60.
AIDS
AIDS infection increases the risk for developing penile cancer, possibly due to a weakened immune system.
Psoriasis UV Treatment
Men who have received UV light treatment for psoriasis may be at an increased risk for penile cancer.
Poor personal hygiene
Having poor personal hygiene increases the risk of penile cancer. Men with poor hygiene are more likely to have smegma.
Having many sexual partners
Risky sexual behavior may increase the risk of getting an HPV infection, which can increase the risk of developing penile cancer.
Smoking
Toxins from tobacco smoke can travel through the bloodstream and damage the cells in your penis, increasing your risk for penile cancer.
